Pollination in flowering plants is closely associated with animal pollinators. Showy petals, odors, and nectar production are all adaptations by angiosperms that help encourage pollinator relationships. After pollen transfer, fertilization occurs, along with fusion of a second sperm nucleus with two polar nuclei of the female gametophyte. The endosperm formed from this second fusion will provide nutrition for the developing embryo.

Each ovule of a pistil's ovary will develop into a seed. Seeds of angiosperms are encased in fruits formed from the ovary and possibly other plant structures. Fruits are another advantage flowering plants have in the contest to reproduce. Fruits encourage the dispersal of seeds.